Abbreviations / 9
Introduction / 11

Chapter I. Punishing perpetrators of international crimes – past and present legal regulations / 15
1. Present state of the law – Geneva Conventions 1949 and Additional Protocols 1977 /15
2. Hague Conventions 1907 / 18
3. Th e Versailles Peace Treaty 1919 / 18
4. Propositions aft er I World War / 19
5. Th e Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals / 20
6. Creation of ad hoc international criminal tribunals / 22
7. Creation of the permanent International Criminal Court / 28
8. Hybrid tribunals / 35
9. Conclusions / 38

Chapter II. Notion of genocide / 41
1. Rafal Lemkin’s legacy / 41
2. Massacres of Armenians / 42
3. UN GA Resolution 96 (I) and 1948 Genocide Convention / 43
4. Conclusions / 45

Chapter III. Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda / 47
1. National, ethnical, racial and religious group / 47
1.1. Akayesu case and the ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1951 / 47
1.2. Nchamihigo case / 54
1.3. Rutaganda and Bagilishema cases / 55
1.4. Kayishema and Ruzindana case / 58
1.5. Setako case / 60
2. Intent to destroy the group as such in whole or in part / 61
2.1. Kayishema and Ruzindana case / 61
2.2. Niyitegeka case / 62
2.3. Kalimanzira case / 63
2.4. Ndindabahizi case / 64
3. Genocidal acts / 66
3.1. Akayesu case / 66
3.2. Kambanda case / 68
3.3. Kayishema and Ruzindana case / 69
3.4. Ntagerura, Bagambiki, Imanishimwe case / 70
3.5. Other cases / 73
3.6. A special role played by the media in the Rwandan genocide – the Media case / 76
3.6.1. Partly dissenting opinion of judge M. Shahabuddeen / 91
3.7. Bikindi case / 93
4. Conclusions / 94

Chapter IV. Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia / 97
1. National, ethnical, racial and religious group / 97
1.1. Jelisić case / 97
1.2. Krstić case /  99
1.3. Stakić case / 103
1.4. Popović et al. case / 106
2. Intent to destroy the group as such in whole or in part / 107
2.1. Jelisić case / 107
2.2. Sikirica case / 110
2.3. Krstić case / 113
3. Genocidal acts / 120
3.1. Brdanin case / 120
3.2. Krstić case / 123
3.3. Stakić case / 124
3.4. Blagojević and Jokić case / 125
4. The ICJ judgment in the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide case (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) of 2007 /127
5. Conclusions / 129

Concluding Remarks / 131
Annex – excerpts from ICTR and ICTY judgments / 135
Bibliography / 239